Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances in the U.S., and its use has increased now that many states have legalized and/or decriminalized the substance. This recent AP article reports that for the first time, the number of Americans who use marijuana every day has surpassed the number who drink that often. Here in Pennsylvania, cannabis is still illegal for recreational purposes, though some of the largest cities have decriminalized small amounts of the substance.
Despite the growing acceptance of cannabis, it still carries a number of risks that should not be overlooked. Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is one such example. This condition is characterized by recurrent episodes of severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in individuals who use cannabis frequently. Understanding this condition is essential for recognizing its symptoms, seeking treatment, and making informed choices about cannabis use.
What Causes Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome?
The exact cause of CHS is not fully understood, but researchers believe it may be linked to how cannabinoids, particularly tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system. Theories suggest that chronic cannabis use may overstimulate the receptors in the brain and gastrointestinal tract, leading to dysregulation of nausea and vomiting pathways. Prolonged exposure to THC may also impair the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal system. However, since not all chronic cannabis users develop CHS, this suggests that genetic or biological differences may also play a role.
Symptoms of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome
CHS typically progresses through three stages:
1. Prodromal Phase
This phase involves symptoms like mild nausea, anxiety, and abdominal discomfort. However, people often continue with cannabis use, believing that it relieves their symptoms, when in reality, it’s contributing to them.
2. Hyperemesis Phase
In the second phase, symptoms are more severe and include severe, cyclic vomiting, intense nausea, abdominal pain (cramping, burning), and dehydration as a result of vomiting. Some people find relief in taking a hot bath or shower, while others avoid eating.
3. Recovery Phase
The final stage is when the symptoms of CHS resolve, including nausea and vomiting. Most people make a full recovery and have their eating habits return. But, if they return to cannabis use, their symptoms are likely to reoccur.
Who is at Risk for CHS?
CHS occurs almost exclusively in individuals who use cannabis heavily and regularly, typically for years. Risk factors include daily or near-daily cannabis use over a prolonged period and the use of high-potency cannabis products, such as concentrates. CHS is also more commonly observed in younger adults and may affect more males than females.
How is CHS Diagnosed?
Diagnosing CHS can be challenging because its symptoms mimic other conditions, such as gastroenteritis, cyclic vomiting syndrome, or gallbladder issues. However, the symptoms tend to be specific, including cyclic vomiting and relief with hot showers. To make a diagnosis, physicians typically rely on the patient’s medical history, their symptoms, and the exclusion of other causes. They may also schedule blood tests, imaging, and an endoscopy.
Treatment for CHS
Immediate Care
The first step is to manage the symptoms of CHS so that the person feels comfortable. Treatments include intravenous fluids for dehydration, anti-nausea medications, and pain relief for abdominal discomfort. While not a cure, hot water can provide temporary relief from nausea and abdominal pain.
Long-Term Management
The most effective treatment is to stop using cannabis entirely. Returning to the substance is likely to cause symptoms to recur. Most people find relief within days to weeks of cessation. Additionally, counseling or support groups can help individuals address dependency and make sustainable lifestyle changes.
Preventing Relapse
Avoiding cannabis use and recognizing early signs of CHS can prevent recurrence. There’s a growing misconception that cannabis is safe, and this isn’t the case for everyone. It can also be helpful for individuals to schedule regular check-ins with their healthcare providers to monitor recovery and address any underlying issues, such as substance use disorder.
Why is CHS Often Misunderstood?
CHS is a relatively new and under-recognized condition, first described in 2004. Many individuals and even some healthcare providers are unaware of it, leading to misdiagnosis and unnecessary medical tests. Additionally, cannabis’s reputation for alleviating nausea can create confusion, causing users to continue cannabis use in an attempt to self-treat their symptoms, which worsens the condition.
Marijuana Treatment in Easton, PA
Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome is a serious and often overlooked consequence of chronic cannabis use. While the symptoms can be debilitating, CHS is entirely preventable and treatable with abstinence from cannabis. Increased awareness and education are crucial for helping individuals recognize the signs of CHS and seek appropriate care.
If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms consistent with CHS, consulting a healthcare professional and addressing cannabis use can lead to effective relief and recovery. To start your recovery, contact Recovery Cove at 484-549-COVE.
